What type of epidemiologic study compares a group of individuals with a disease to individuals without the disease?

A case-control study is designed specifically to compare two groups: individuals with a specific disease, referred to as "cases," and individuals without the disease, known as "controls." This type of study is particularly useful in identifying potential risk factors or causes associated with a disease. By examining the differences in exposure to certain risk factors between the two groups, researchers can infer associations that may contribute to the development of the disease.

In contrast, a cross-sectional study assesses both exposure and outcome at a single point in time but does not inherently compare cases and controls as defined by the disease presence. Longitudinal studies, on the other hand, focus on following individuals over time to observe changes, rather than making a direct comparison of current disease states. Qualitative studies prioritize understanding experiences and perceptions rather than quantitatively comparing groups based on disease status. Hence, the clear structure of a case-control study in contrasting the two designated groups makes it the correct choice in this scenario.